China is becoming the most active country in the global natural gas market
Article introduction: Natural gas is a kind of energy source with a long history in China, and it is also a short-term new energy source for large-scale use.
Author: former deputy director of the State Development and Reform Commission, the National Energy Bureau Zhang Guobao, former director Editor: Guo Fang
Natural gas is a kind of energy source with a long history in China, and it is also a short-lived new energy source for large-scale use.
As early as 2,000 years ago, there were natural gas resources and underground salt mines in the Sichuan Basin. The natural gas was used to produce salt in the Zigong area. But until 40 years ago, natural gas was only an energy source known to a few people in a few regions. At that time, in China's energy structure, natural gas was negligible and negligible.
West-East Gas Transmission has created a large-scale use of natural gas in China
In 1997, China built the first long-distance natural gas pipeline, the Shaanxi-Beijing pipeline, which was 918 kilometers long and transported natural gas to Beijing. Marine gas was discovered in the Beibu Gulf area of ​​Hainan Island, and a pipeline from Yinggehai to Hong Kong in the Beibu Gulf of Hainan Island was built to supply 2 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year to Hong Kong. In the East China Sea, the former Ministry of Geology and Minerals Investigation Team (later called Xinxing Company) also found a small amount of natural gas in the Pinghu gas field in the East China Sea near Shanghai, which can supply 400 million cubic meters of natural gas per year. At that time, I was already working in the National Planning Commission. I remember that the Shaanxi-Beijing pipeline was also allocated 200 million cubic meters per year to Tianjin, and 100 million cubic meters of natural gas per year in Xi'an. Tianjin is still worried about not using it.
Until 2003, natural gas accounted for only 2.3% of China's energy. At that time, natural gas in many developed countries in the world accounted for more than 10% of energy, and some countries even reached 30%. For example, natural gas in the United States and Russia has become a major clean energy source. After 2000, the Chinese government began to plan the construction of a West-East Gas Pipeline from Xinjiang to Shanghai, with a total length of about 4,000 kilometers and a design scale of 12 billion cubic meters per year. We have never built such a long and large capacity gas pipeline. We have also sought to cooperate with foreign companies such as Shell, but we have not succeeded. In the end, we only rely on ourselves to build. At that time, the material of the pipeline, X70 steel, and the pressure-burning unit for pressurization, we would not do it. We started to explore the X70 steel from the steel plant. We have not built a large gas storage tank. Because of the needs of the West-East Gas Pipeline Project, we used the underground salt mines in Jintan, Jiangsu Province to build the first large gas storage. Under this circumstance, the West-East Gas Pipeline Project was completed in only two or three years, and it was connected to the Jingbian and Shaanxi-Beijing pipelines to supply natural gas to Beijing and Tianjin.
The West-East Gas Pipeline benefits more than 200 million people and has created an era of large-scale use of natural gas in China. Later, the second phase of the West-East Gas Pipeline Project was built to send natural gas from Xinjiang to Guangdong and Hong Kong.
China's natural gas cooperation
Since China's discovered natural gas reserves cannot meet the rapidly growing market demand, we began to negotiate with Russia and Central Asian countries to import their pipeline natural gas after 2005. In 2009, China and Central Asia’s heads of state of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan personally promoted the construction of China’s first long-distance natural gas pipeline introduced from abroad, called the Central Asian natural gas pipeline, which opened up China’s import of natural gas. In history, China has also become a net importer of natural gas. The initial design capacity of the Central Asian natural gas pipeline is 30 billion cubic meters per year. Now, three pipelines A, B and C have been built, and the same route is taken, which is connected with the West-East Gas Pipeline. The D line is under construction, and the pipeline is different from the A, B, and C lines. The contract quantity of natural gas imported from Central Asia natural gas pipeline has also expanded to 68 billion cubic meters per year. China has imported more than 190 billion cubic meters of natural gas through the Central Asian natural gas pipeline.
Later, we cooperated with Myanmar and built the China-Myanmar natural gas pipeline with the China-Myanmar crude oil pipeline. Its gas source is the offshore natural gas that South Korea's Daewoo Company explores and develops in the Bay of Bengal, Myanmar. The production capacity is only about 5 billion cubic meters a year. The pipeline has not yet reached the design capacity of 5 billion cubic meters per year, but it has used natural gas in Yunnan Province, a remote mountainous area in China.
Now we have only two natural gas pipelines imported from land. Russia's eastern natural gas pipeline is under construction and it is expected that ventilation will be completed next year.
At the beginning of this century, we also started the LNG business while planning the Central Asian gas pipeline. After fierce bidding competition, LNG receiving stations in Guangdong Daya Bay and Fujian were initially selected to import LNG from Australia and Indonesia, and then expanded to Shanghai to import Malaysian LNG. Now we have built and operated 11 LNG receiving stations and are growing rapidly. The importing countries of LNG have also expanded from Australia, Indonesia and Malaysia to Qatar and Brunei.
Similarly, we have not been able to produce steel plates for LNG carriers and LNG storage tanks at the beginning, and have now been able to export LNG carriers to Mitsui, a Japanese merchant ship.
In just 20 years, China has grown from a country with a negligible share of natural gas to the world's third largest natural gas consumer after the United States and Russia. But China currently accounts for only 5.9% of the world's natural gas consumption, while the United States and Russia account for 33% of the world's natural gas consumption. The proportion of natural gas in China's energy is 6.3%. Compared with developed countries, the gap is still large, but the growth rate is faster than other energy sources. In the first half of this year, it increased by 15.2% over the same period of last year. The imported natural gas was 41 billion cubic meters, and the domestic production was 74.3 billion cubic meters. The dependence on imports reached 36.5%.
The formation of a nationwide pipe network benefits from the concentration of power to do big things, the common development of multiple ownership systems
China has now initially connected the West-East Gas Pipeline, the Shaanxi-Beijing Pipeline, the Sichuan Gas Pipeline, the Coastal Natural Gas Pipeline, the Central Asian Gas Pipeline, and the China-Myanmar Pipeline into a nationwide natural gas pipeline network, and is connected to the coastal LNG receiving stations. As one. This speed of construction is unique in the world.
The Nabucco pipeline in Central Asia through the Caspian Sea to Europe was initially earlier than the Central Asian gas pipeline, but no substantial progress has been made so far. Our natural gas pipeline network not only has the superiority of the central government to concentrate on doing big things, but also supports many companies in various provinces across the country.
At present, the backbone pipelines are mainly built and operated by central enterprises. They have strong capital and strong technical strength. Of course, private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises also participate. For example, the coalbed methane pipeline project from southeast Shanxi to Henan Duanshi is invested and constructed by Chongqing Sanxia Gas Group, a private enterprise in Chongqing. Xinjiang Jimu is also a private enterprise in Guangxi. The private enterprise Xinao Gas is building an LNG receiving station in Zhoushan.
The branch network of each province has both local state-owned enterprises and private enterprises, as well as mixed-ownership enterprises. China's city gas is mainly operated by five companies, CNOOC's Kunlun Gas, Hong Kong's Hong Kong and China, China Resources, Xinao Gas, and China Gas. These five companies operate gas business in about 100 cities. There are also many cities where gas is operated by local gas companies owned by local governments, such as Beijing Gas. Now Beijing's annual natural gas consumption has exceeded 16 billion cubic meters, even exceeding the gas consumption of New York City, becoming second only to Moscow's second largest gas city in the world, which we did not expect.
After Russia's eastern natural gas pipeline is put into operation next year, China's natural gas pipeline network will be further expanded to the northeast of 100 million people, connecting the pipeline network inside and outside the customs. Chinese companies are also actively investing in offshore natural gas exploration and development. They own one-eighth of the shares in Australia's northwestern continental shelf. They have Chinese investments in the right bank of the Amu Darya River in Turkmenistan and the Yamal gas field in Russia. China has become the most active in the world's natural gas field. One of the countries.
Clean energy is an inevitable trend, and any interest group must understand this.
In China, many cities, including Beijing, have suffered from fog and the government is making up their minds to govern. The cause of smog Although there is still much debate, the high proportion of coal in energy is certainly one of the reasons. The proportion of coal in China's energy is still as high as 65%. In the field of power generation, 72% of power generation is generated by coal. In 2013, the country's highest coal output, output reached 3.8 billion tons, accounting for almost half of the world's coal consumption. Therefore, to control smog, it is an inevitable trend to replace coal-fired units with gas units in large cities. In the original four coal-fired power plants in downtown Beijing, when I was in office, I insisted on replacing coal with gas and replacing it with gas, and encountered great resistance. As the smog became more and more serious, Beijing finally made up its mind to shut down all coal-fired generating units in the urban area and replaced them with advanced gas-fired combined heat and power units. Whether it is London or Los Angeles, the smog has gone the way to replace coal.
A major constraint to the replacement of coal by gas is the price, and the price of natural gas is still higher than that of coal. Many experts have called for consideration of pollution costs, carbon trading, and increased sewage charges. Under the constraints of various interest groups and various opinions, there is a great resistance to implementation. But I believe that the cleansing of energy is an inevitable trend in history, and any interest group must understand this. Now that China is undergoing natural gas price reforms, how to make natural gas competitive is still a difficult point. There is considerable strong opinion that China's coal-based energy structure is difficult to change, while natural gas resources are insufficient. In fact, as far as the world is concerned, natural gas resources are sufficient and there is great potential in China. For example, China's coalbed methane has great potential, and shale gas, which is still under development but has a growing momentum, should not be a major constraint.
Today, China has rapidly grown into a major producer and consumer of natural gas, and it has a large market space and its potential is far from being realized. It is now striving to become the rotating presidency of the International Natural Gas Alliance and is actively striving to host the 2024 World Natural Gas Conference.
China is becoming the most active country in the global natural gas market.
(This is the former deputy director of the National Development and Reform Commission and the former director of the National Energy Administration, Mr. Zhang Guobao, at the International Natural Gas Cooperation and Development Forum on September 13th, with a deletion. Mr. Zhang Guobao authorized the exclusive issue of China Economic Weekly. hair.)
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