Chinese jade has a long history. The ancestors of Hemudu Culture, 7,000 years ago, consciously made the beautiful stones they picked into ornaments, dressed themselves, beautified their lives, and unveiled the prelude of Chinese jade culture.
In the Paleolithic period, jade and stone were indifferent. After entering the Neolithic period, the jade separation, Liangzhu culture and Hongshan culture together became the two major jade centers in ancient China, all known for their unique materials, patterns, ornamentation, jade craftsmanship and their strong civilization. world.
Four or five thousand years ago, a group of Liangzhu people who worshipped jade articles came to Jiangzhuang, Zhangguo Town, Xinghua City. The skilled craftsmen among them also brought the superb Liangzhu jade craftsmanship here.
The ancients advocated the place of heaven and earth, "to heaven and earth," because the sky is round and the color of the pale (cyan); "the yellow rites of the land", that is because the land is yellow and square. The ancients used the color and shape of jade to match the yin and yang five elements, thus creating a ritual of worshipping the heavens and the earth.
The jade culture and sacrificial culture that have been circulated for a long time, "Cang Li Li Tian, ​​Huang Yi Li Di", are all from Liangzhu culture. These characteristics are reflected in the Jiangzhuang site. Because many jade articles such as jade, jade, jade and so on were unearthed here.
In the archaeological excavation of the Jiangzhuang site, only 6 pieces of jade material of more than 20 cm were unearthed. One of the jade has a diameter of 24 cm and is made of high-grade sapphire with a huge shape. Experts say that this kind of jade with such a large diameter is rare in the domestic jade.
In addition, two jade oysters were unearthed from the Jiangzhuang site, one of which was as high as 32 cm. Looking closely, these two jade are very similar to the more complicated jade bracelets worn by modern people, and each jade has a crepe pattern.
The so-called crepe pattern is a face of a god and a human being, wearing a crest, looks particularly fierce. This makes people feel like a heroic war god, can not help but reminiscent of the militant Chiyou.
In this regard, experts explained that the pattern on the surface of the jade is likely to be an artifact related to the sacrifice and the original religious witchcraft. The sacred face of the gods on the device is generally called the "sign of the gods." "God man" may represent the image of a deified chieftain, and can also be regarded as a "family emblem."
Some experts have suggested that this is similar to the armband worn on the arm of Chiyou, and is therefore also known as the Chiyou ring. Therefore, these jade artifacts unearthed in Jiangzhuang indicate that these tombs are tribal leaders who combine royal power, theocracy, military power and financial power.
It is worth mentioning that the archaeologists also found three square cinnabars of the size of adult soles in the tombs. Is this a special ritual for the wizards?
This allows future generations to think about it. Four or five thousand years ago, perhaps these leaders or wizards held jade, and they read words in their mouths. They kept jumping on the altar and prayed for the people of the Jiangzhuang tribe for a year...
“The Jiangzhuang site is on the edge of Liangzhu culture. The jade and jade unearthed here are much less than the core area. This shows that this tribe provides wealth and pioneers for the core area.†Lin Liugen, director of the Provincial Institute of Archaeology It is said that this also explains from another aspect that one of the reasons for the disappearance of Liangzhu culture is that it is too luxurious, and everyone has made jade.
"First" or broken after being buried
"hunting map" should be an early text prototype
Judging from the pottery unearthed from the Jiangzhuang site, it is not only of a large size, but also has a delicate shape and beautiful patterns. This shows that the ingenuity of Jiang Zhuang's ancestors at that time was quite advanced.
Respect is a wine vessel and a ritual for sacrifice. The ancient Liangzhu people first made a large frame of the shape of the willows, and then crushed the shells with water and good soil in the frame that was prepared in advance, and repeatedly tapped into a large iron pot similar to the present, with a thickness of three or four centimeters. It is slowly dried in a cool place and then fired on piled wood.
This time, Jiangzhuang unearthed a piece of several hundred pieces of debris. It was the burial of the leader of the tribe or the wizard. It may be that the coffin is too small to be placed in the coffin. It is also the noble identity of the tomb. symbol of. After being unearthed, the experts spent more than a week to piece together, only to restore the original face.
This "big guy" has a diameter of more than 80 centimeters and a height of more than 50 centimeters. Lin Liugen said that this is the largest one that has been unearthed in China so far, and it can be called "the first Chinese."
In addition, the pottery used by Jiangzhuang ancestors at that time, such as: tripods, double-nose pots, large pots, carved pots, etc., not only a wide variety, but also a beautiful and regular type.
In particular, there are several kinds of feet that are different from other cultures. In other places, the foot is generally T-shaped, round, square, and the foot of the Jiangzhuang site is mostly cross-shaped, with a figure-shaped foot like the shape of a frog's foot, with a lot of up and down fin feathers on it. To guide the fire up. Some Ding and cans have black ash left behind by fire, leaving traces of fireworks on earth.
When the texts of ancient times have not yet appeared, the ancients left various patterns on the objects, one is the totem that people worship. The top of the high-handle of the pottery beans unearthed at the Jiangzhuang site is engraved with the pattern of the sun, the moon and the stars. The ceremonial stone sarcophagus is engraved with a circular symbol symbolizing the sun and a triangular symbol symbolizing the mountains and rivers.
Here, archaeologists also discovered another prototype of the meaning of the text - Tao Wen. On the surface of a distinctive black pottery jar, a very naive pattern is depicted. The pattern consists of four ropes passing underneath an animal resembling a wild boar. A wild boar is tied with a rope, hung under a branch, and then picked up by a stick. This is obviously a success in performance hunting.
"This depicts the situation in which the people carried the prey back to the settlement after the hunting. It was a memorable sign and a prototype of the early words." Lin Liugen said.
This is not only reminiscent of the Qingdun site discovered in Hai'an County in Taizhou in the 1970s. The Qingdun site not only unearthed a large number of precious jade articles and pottery of Liangzhu culture, but also unearthed bones with hieroglyphic symbols. The two sites are only twenty or thirty kilometers apart. They belong to Liangzhu culture in the Neolithic period. Are there any inextricable links? This is waiting for experts to use their further archaeological discoveries to unravel the mysteries.
Mud and grass form a three-bedroom
5,000 years ago, rural life was a bit bitter
Legend has it that the Qiang people are a smart and powerful nation. They have already lived in farming, built wooden houses, and built wooden boats to cross the river. According to the "Historical Records of the Five Emperors", the era of Chiyou was recorded at the time of "the death of Shennong." Shennong is a clan that invented the tools of farming and production in the history of the Chinese nation. Since then, on the land of China, many clan, which used hunting and gathering as the main means of livelihood, have turned to farming as the main mode of production.
Through archaeological excavations, the experts have basically restored the rural life of Jiangzhuang ancestors 5,000 years ago.
Archaeologists believe that from the ancient human remains unearthed from the Jiangzhuang site, the highest height of the Liangzhu people at that time can be more than 1.7 meters. Due to the rough food, the teeth wear is 10 years worse than the modern people.
What did people eat at the time? The archaeological team washed the ash pit soil excavated from the Jiangzhuang site and observed it under a magnifying glass. From the inside, it found charcoal rice, water chestnut, peach kernel, gourd seed, melon seed and medlar. This shows that the Jiangzhuang ancestors have been from the matriarchal society. Towards the patriarchal society, productivity has been further released; among the animal bones are elk, pigs, cows, sheep, wolves and dogs. Many bones are traces of chopping and processing, and some leftovers are found in the strata. The bones, which enriched the recipes of Jiang Zhuang people at that time.
This shows that the Jiangzhuang ancestors have shifted from the original hunting, fishing, picking wild fruits and other activities to domesticating animals and growing crops to maintain their lives.
At that time, Jiang Zhuang people had used stone plows to break the soil. They made hoes with stag antlers, drilled wells around them, and used irrigation water to irrigate crops... When the farming was tired, they went home to rest. At that time, they already had houses. Lived.
According to archaeological findings, the house where Jiangzhuang lived was square or round. They first dig the base groove on the ground, then insert a piece of wood, and then use the grass and branches to mix the mud into a wooden bone wall, dry it with fire, and finally use the branches and thatch to top.
Among the several houses that have been found, a rectangular house was improved on the original round house, with a length of 7 meters and a span of less than 4 meters. There is also a rectangular house that is less than 10 meters long and has a span of about 3 meters in the north and south, and is divided into 3 small rooms. Each room has a door that allows only one person to drive south. At that time, the size of such a house was not small, indicating that there were a large number of people in this activity.
In addition, the bones are still an important life tool at the time. From the unearthed cultural relics, there are bone rulers, bone needles, bone combs, and bone arrows. It can be seen that the Jiangzhuang ancestors have begun to use common tools and have certain weights and measures.
In the ruins, the archaeologists found many arrows made of bones, which were used for hunting or snoring; in a tomb, two bone hooks were also unearthed; an elk antler was modified to install stone scorpion Or stone chisel, which is used to process wood.
In some tombs, archaeologists also discovered spindles. These spindles indicate that women at the time had begun to weave, and they were also very beautiful, and had used hair to manage their hair. At the scene, a bone of more than 20 cm was obviously used for a long time, and the brown bone was smooth and clean.
Limited to the level of productivity at the time, the idyllic life of 5,000 years ago was not as good as the imagination of modern people. According to statistics, in the 270 tombs of the Jiangzhuang site, about 20% of the tombs were under the age of 18, and one out of every five deceased were minors. This also reflected the difficult living conditions at that time. .
[History Station]
Liangzhu jade is an outstanding achievement in the late stage of Chinese Neolithic art creation. The material of Liangzhu jade is tremolite, and its hardness is 4-6 degrees Mohs. It can be described as "difficult to apply cone blade". Experts said that at present, the mining situation of the jade material in the Liangzhu era is still unclear, but the cutting method is mainly used for the slab.
Regarding the processing tools of Liangzhu jade, there are shark teeth, agate said, meteorites, diamonds (stones of other mountains), rope mixed sands.
Many scholars believe that because there is no high-hardness metal tool, its production relies entirely on stone and some organic tools. At that time, it was generally to find a good jade raw material, and then use the animal's meridian to make a stringed bow, or use hemp fiber, bamboo, wood, tibia, etc. to make a linear, rod-shaped tool to drive the moist solution of jade sand. Cut, drill, hollow and crepe, and make all kinds of rituals such as jade, jade, jade and so on.
In the summer of 2012, Xinghua Jiangzhuang, more than 300 kilometers away from the Liangzhu Cultural Relics in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, became the focus of the national archaeological community overnight.
After nearly one year of archaeological excavations, more than 1,200 pieces of jade, pottery, stoneware and bones were unearthed from the Jiangzhuang site.
Among them, there are not only the jade and jade bracelets that have been smooth and new, delicate and delicate after years of baptism, but also the round super large jade python with a diameter of 24 cm, and the black pottery pot with the mysterious pattern of "hunting back". "China's largest ceramic statue" with a diameter of more than 80 centimeters...
There are no jade mines in Gutai Prefecture. Where did the jade materials of Jiangzhuang ancestors come from? In ancient times, metal tools have not yet appeared. How did they process carvings? Is the mysterious pattern of "hunting back" on pottery a prototype of early words...
These unearthed treasures have rewritten the road map of the Liangzhu culture migration in China, and they have left many new mysteries to the world.
coupling
Although the disintegration of Liangzhu culture has disappeared, from the Maqiao culture and the Central Plains culture, and even more distant areas, the shadow of Liangzhu culture can be found faintly. Part of its cultural connotation (represented by black-grey pottery) is inherited by the later Maqiao culture; its other part of its cultural connotation (characterized by jade and god-like patterns) is contained in Yin Shang culture.
For the disappearance of Liangzhu culture, archaeologists have given many kinds of speculations: it may have been invaded and enslaved by the Nanxia tribe of the Central Plains, and the reason for being enslaved is the burial system of “extraordinary luxury†and a wide population. Engaging in non-production labor such as jade production destroyed the production-based economy based on agriculture and eventually led to the inability to resist extrinsic invasion and perish. Others have given the saying of the Great Flood and transgression.
But whether it is an external invasion or a natural cause, when Liangzhu people face disasters, some of them are likely to leave their homeland and start a long migration. Their towns and tombs have survived forever.
As an important stop in the migration route, Jiangzhuang not only links the bumpy trip of Liangzhu Culture to the north, but also links the history of Taizhou civilization with today.
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